In general, new nickel hydrogen batteries only contain a small amount of electricity, and people need to charge them before using them after purchasing. But if the battery has been out of the factory for a short period of time and has sufficient power, it is recommended to use it first and then charge it.

Newly purchased nickel hydrogen batteries usually need to be charged and used 3-4 times before their performance can reach its optimal state. Many friends encounter small problems during their first charge, such as not taking as many photos as they imagined after the first charge. After 3-4 charges and uses, it was easily resolved.

Although the memory effect of nickel hydrogen batteries is small, it is still recommended to try to charge them after each use, and to fully charge them at once. Do not charge them for a while and then use them again. This is an important aspect of 'longevity'.

When charging the battery, it is important to pay attention to the heat dissipation around the charger. It is unnecessary to use a fan to blow it intentionally, but it is important to avoid placing too many debris around the charger. Ordinary users often do not have dedicated storage bags for batteries when using them; After replacing the battery, users will habitually place it casually, regardless of whether the location is clean or damp. The consequence of this is that the battery is prone to getting dirty and the contacts are prone to contact metal? For example, keys are prone to contact and moisture, and these are the archenemies of batteries. Suggestion: Users should set up a dedicated battery storage point and keep the battery clean. To avoid issues such as battery loss, keep the contact points at both ends of the battery and the interior of the battery cover clean. If necessary, use a soft, clean dry cloth to gently wipe.

When not in use for a long time, remember to remove the battery from the battery compartment and place it in a dry environment. It is recommended to put it in a branded battery box to avoid battery short circuits.

Long term unused nickel hydrogen batteries will naturally enter a "sleep" state after being stored for several months, greatly reducing their lifespan. If the nickel hydrogen battery has been left for a long time, it is recommended to charge it with slow charging first. Because according to testing, the best condition for storing nickel hydrogen batteries is to store them with around 80% charge. This is because nickel hydrogen batteries have a high self discharge rate (about 10% -15% per month). If the battery is fully discharged and stored for a long time without use, the self discharge phenomenon of the battery will cause over discharge and damage the battery.

Discharge nickel hydrogen. Expert advice. Try not to discharge nickel hydrogen batteries, as overdischarging can lead to charging failure. The harm of doing so far outweighs the memory effect of nickel hydrogen batteries themselves.

The multimeter self checks whether the battery is fully charged. Generally, nickel hydrogen batteries have a voltage below 1.2V before charging, and a normal voltage of around 1.4V after being fully charged. By judging based on this, it is easy to determine the status of the battery.

Chargers are mainly divided into fast charging and slow charging. Slow charging current is small, usually around 200mA, for example, our common charging current is around 160mA. Charging time is long, it takes about 16 hours to charge a 1800mAh nickel hydrogen battery. Although the time is a bit slow, the charging will be sufficient and will not damage the battery. The fast charging current is usually above 400mA, and the charging time is significantly reduced. It can be done in 3-4 hours, which has also won everyone's love. There are many types of fast charging with varying prices. So people often have questions, why is there such a big difference in price when it comes to fast charging? Good chargers, especially good fast chargers, come with anti overcharging protection functions,

Contradiction arises, slow charging does not harm the battery but the charging time is too long; Fast charging can save time, but it can harm the battery. The solution to this contradiction is to buy a fast charger and a slow charger. After using fast charging for a period of time, such as 5 to 10 times, switch to slow charging once or twice. This restores the performance of the battery to its optimal state.

When using a battery, it is usually a battery pack, consisting of 4 or 6 cells connected in series. At this time, it is important to maintain the balance of each cell, otherwise the operation of the entire battery pack may be affected due to a problem with one of the cells. Firstly, it is necessary to ensure that the battery capacity is consistent, and it is best to choose batteries of the same brand and model purchased at the same time. Then, it is necessary to maintain consistent internal battery levels, which means that the battery pack is either fully charged or empty. If there are multiple batteries forming several battery packs, you can try "selecting" them. Specifically, battery cells with similar parameters such as capacity and voltage are connected in series to form a battery pack. Due to insufficient conditions, it is generally sufficient to measure the voltage after discharge and the voltage after charging.

Finally, let's talk about charging and discharging. The high-end NI-MH charger uses DELTAV to detect battery voltage to determine if the battery is fully charged. The voltage curve during battery charging is similar to (1) in general, new nickel hydrogen batteries only contain a small amount of electricity, and people should charge them before using them after purchasing. But if the battery has been out of the factory for a short period of time and has sufficient power, it is recommended to use it first and then charge it.

Newly purchased nickel hydrogen batteries usually need to be charged and used 3-4 times before their performance can reach its optimal state. Many friends encounter small problems during their first charge, such as not taking as many photos as they imagined after the first charge. After 3-4 charges and uses, it was easily resolved.

Although the memory effect of nickel hydrogen batteries is small, it is still recommended to try to charge them after each use, and to fully charge them at once. Do not charge them for a while and then use them again. This is an important aspect of 'longevity'.

When charging the battery, it is important to pay attention to the heat dissipation around the charger. It is unnecessary to use a fan to blow it intentionally, but it is important to avoid placing too many debris around the charger. Ordinary users often do not have dedicated storage bags for batteries when using them; After replacing the battery, users will habitually place it casually, regardless of whether the location is clean or damp. The consequence of this is that the battery is prone to getting dirty and the contacts are prone to contact metal? For example, keys are prone to contact and moisture, and these are the archenemies of batteries. Suggestion: Users should set up a dedicated battery storage point and keep the battery clean. To avoid issues such as battery loss, keep the contact points at both ends of the battery and the interior of the battery cover clean. If necessary, use a soft, clean dry cloth to gently wipe.

When not in use for a long time, remember to remove the battery from the battery compartment and place it in a dry environment. It is recommended to put it in a branded battery box to avoid battery short circuits.

Long term unused nickel hydrogen batteries will naturally enter a "sleep" state after being stored for several months, greatly reducing their lifespan. If the nickel hydrogen battery has been left for a long time, it is recommended to charge it with slow charging first. Because according to testing, the best condition for storing nickel hydrogen batteries is to store them with around 80% charge. This is because nickel hydrogen batteries have a high self discharge rate (about 10% -15% per month). If the battery is fully discharged and stored for a long time without use, the self discharge phenomenon of the battery will cause over discharge and damage the battery.

Discharge nickel hydrogen. Expert advice. Try not to discharge nickel hydrogen batteries, as overdischarging can lead to charging failure. The harm of doing so far outweighs the memory effect of nickel hydrogen batteries themselves.

The multimeter self checks whether the battery is fully charged. Generally, nickel hydrogen batteries have a voltage below 1.2V before charging, and a normal voltage of around 1.4V after being fully charged. By judging based on this, it is easy to determine the status of the battery.

Chargers are mainly divided into fast charging and slow charging. Slow charging current is small, usually around 200mA, for example, our common charging current is around 160mA. Charging time is long, it takes about 16 hours to charge a 1800mAh nickel hydrogen battery. Although the time is a bit slow, the charging will be sufficient and will not damage the battery. The fast charging current is usually above 400mA, and the charging time is significantly reduced. It can be done in 3-4 hours, which has also won everyone's love. There are many types of fast charging with varying prices. So people often have questions, why is there such a big difference in price when it comes to fast charging? Good chargers, especially good fast chargers, come with anti overcharging protection functions,

Contradiction arises, slow charging does not harm the battery but the charging time is too long; Fast charging can save time, but it can harm the battery. The solution to this contradiction is to buy a fast charger and a slow charger. After using fast charging for a period of time, such as 5 to 10 times, switch to slow charging once or twice. This restores the performance of the battery to its optimal state.

When using a battery, it is usually a battery pack, consisting of 4 or 6 cells connected in series. At this time, it is important to maintain the balance of each cell, otherwise the operation of the entire battery pack may be affected due to a problem with one of the cells. Firstly, it is necessary to ensure that the battery capacity is consistent, and it is best to choose batteries of the same brand and model purchased at the same time. Then, it is necessary to maintain consistent internal battery levels, which means that the battery pack is either fully charged or empty. If there are multiple batteries forming several battery packs, you can try "selecting" them. Specifically, battery cells with similar parameters such as capacity and voltage are connected in series to form a battery pack. Due to insufficient conditions, it is generally sufficient to measure the voltage after discharge and the voltage after charging.

Finally, let's talk about charging and discharging. The high-end NI-MH charger uses DELTAV to detect battery voltage to determine if the battery is fully charged. The voltage curve during battery charging is somewhat similar to that during discharging. At the beginning, it rises rapidly, then slowly increases, and when it is fully charged, the voltage begins to rapidly decrease again, but the magnitude of the decrease is not very large. The nickel cadmium batteries commonly used before were also similar, but the rate and magnitude of decline were greater than those of NI-MH. Then, nickel hydrogen batteries have a characteristic that the larger the current you charge, the greater the current they can release. Nowadays, DC is an electric tiger and the current is not small. Therefore, using a relatively large current for charging is a wise choice, which can make the battery discharge cleaner. Generally, the charging current of No. 5 should not exceed 1.5C, where C is the battery capacity, which is a 1000mAh battery, and should not exceed 1.5A. In terms of discharge, in general, after the DC screen goes black, it can be charged, and the NI-MH memory effect is very small. However, after a period of use and when balancing and activating the battery, it is important to control the termination voltage of the battery discharge. The termination voltage of NI-MH batteries is 0.9V. When discharging, be careful not to over discharge. The discharge can be stopped when each battery is at 0.9V. NI-MH batteries are not as powerful as nickel cadmium batteries, and are more sensitive to overcharging, overdischarging, and high temperatures. Charging and discharging temperature. Generally speaking, do not let the temperature of the battery exceed 45 degrees. When the battery is fully charged, it will generate heat. When the high current is fully charged, the temperature should be around 42 degrees, not exceeding 45 degrees, otherwise the lifespan will quickly decrease and the internal resistance of the battery will increase. Also, the battery temperature is relatively high after charging, and it should be charged only after it has cooled down. Before charging, it is also necessary to wait for the battery to cool down. After a long period of disuse, it is best to charge and discharge the battery several times to reactivate it. When using it normally, it is important to keep the packaging intact and avoid any damage to prevent short circuits. Do not hit or impact the battery, do not burn it, etc.

When discharging, it is somewhat similar. At the beginning, it rises rapidly, then slowly rises, and when it is fully charged, the voltage begins to drop rapidly again, but the magnitude of the drop is not very large. The nickel cadmium batteries commonly used before were also similar, but the rate and magnitude of decline were greater than those of NI-MH. Then, nickel hydrogen batteries have a characteristic that the larger the current you charge, the greater the current they can release. Nowadays, DC is an electric tiger and the current is not small. Therefore, using a relatively large current for charging is a wise choice, which can make the battery discharge cleaner. Generally, the charging current of No. 5 should not exceed 1.5C, where C is the battery capacity, which is a 1000mAh battery, and should not exceed 1.5A. In terms of discharge, in general, after the DC screen goes black, it can be charged, and the NI-MH memory effect is very small. However, after a period of use and when balancing and activating the battery, it is important to control the termination voltage of the battery discharge. The termination voltage of NI-MH batteries is 0.9V. When discharging, be careful not to over discharge. The discharge can be stopped when each battery is at 0.9V. NI-MH batteries are not as powerful as nickel cadmium batteries, and are more sensitive to overcharging, overdischarging, and high temperatures. Charging and discharging temperature. Generally speaking, do not let the temperature of the battery exceed 45 degrees. When the battery is fully charged, it will generate heat. When the high current is fully charged, the temperature should be around 42 degrees, not exceeding 45 degrees, otherwise the lifespan will quickly decrease and the internal resistance of the battery will increase. Also, the battery temperature is relatively high after charging, and it should be charged only after it has cooled down. Before charging, it is also necessary to wait for the battery to cool down. After a long period of disuse, it is best to charge and discharge the battery several times to reactivate it. When using it normally, it is important to keep the packaging intact and avoid any damage to prevent short circuits. Do not hit or impact the battery, do not burn it, etc.

The use and maintenance of lithium-ion batteries

1. How to charge a new battery

① When using lithium batteries, it should be noted that the battery enters a sleep state after being left for a period of time, at which point the capacity is lower than normal and the usage time is shortened accordingly. But lithium batteries are easy to activate, as long as they undergo 3-5 normal charge and discharge cycles to activate the battery and restore normal capacity. Due to the inherent characteristics of lithium batteries, they have almost no memory effect. Therefore, the new lithium battery in the user's mobile phone does not require any special methods or equipment during the activation process.

② For the issue of "activation" of lithium batteries, many opinions suggest that the charging time must exceed 12 hours and be repeated three times in order to activate the battery. The statement that 'the first three charges should be charged for more than 12 hours' is clearly a continuation of nickel batteries such as nickel cadmium and nickel hydrogen. So this statement can be said to have been a misconception from the beginning. There is a significant difference in the charging and discharging characteristics between lithium batteries and nickel batteries, and it can be clearly stated that all the serious formal technical materials I have reviewed emphasize that overcharging and overdischarging can cause huge damage to lithium batteries, especially liquid lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, it is best to charge according to standard time and methods, especially not for over 12 hours of long charging (the charger shows full charge).

③ In addition, lithium batteries or chargers will automatically stop charging after the battery is fully charged, and there is no so-called "trickle" charging that lasts for more than 10 hours for nickel chargers. That is to say, if your lithium battery is fully charged and placed on a charger, it will still be charged for nothing. And none of us can guarantee that the characteristics of the battery's charge and discharge protection circuit will never change and the quality will be foolproof, so your battery will be hovering on the edge of danger for a long time. This is also another reason why we oppose long charging.

④ In addition, another aspect that cannot be ignored is that lithium batteries are also not suitable for over discharge, which is also detrimental to lithium batteries.

2. When should charging start during normal use

① It is often said that because the number of charging and discharging cycles is limited, the battery of a mobile phone should be used up as much as possible before recharging. In fact, the lifespan of lithium batteries is not related to this. Here is an example of an experimental table on the charge and discharge cycles of lithium-ion batteries. The data on cycle life is listed as follows:

Cycle life (10% DOD):> 1000 times

Cycle life (100% DOD):> 200 times

DOD stands for Depth of Discharge. From the table, it can be seen that the number of rechargeable cycles is related to the depth of discharge, and the cycle life at 10% DOD is much longer than that at 100% DOD. Of course, if converted to the actual total charging capacity: 10% * 1000=100, 100% * 200=200, the latter's complete charging and discharging is still better. However, the statement made by the previous netizen needs to be corrected: under normal circumstances, you should charge the battery according to the principle of using up the remaining battery before charging. But if your battery cannot last the entire day on the second day, you should start charging in a timely manner. Of course, if you are willing to carry the charger to the office, that's another matter.

② The principle of recharging after the remaining battery power is not to go to extremes. A widely circulated saying, like long charging, is "try to use up the battery as much as possible". This approach is actually only used on nickel batteries to avoid memory effects, unfortunately it has also been passed down in lithium batteries today. There was an example of someone who continued to use their phone without charging it even after receiving a warning of low battery level and continued to use it until it automatically shut down. As a result, the phone in this example did not respond during subsequent charging and startup, and had to be sent to customer service for repair. This is actually due to the low voltage caused by excessive discharge of the battery, resulting in the inability to have normal charging and startup conditions.

③ My personal suggestion is not to fully charge the lithium-ion battery of a mobile phone or use it until it runs out of battery. Charging the battery before it is fully charged will not cause damage to the battery. Charging should be done within 2-3 hours, and it is not necessary to fully charge it. But the lithium battery should be fully charged (normal charging time) and discharged 1-2 times every 3 to 4 months or so.

④ Lithium batteries that are not used for a long time should be stored in a cool and dry place, preferably in a half charged state (70-80% of full charge, if your phone displays 4 bars when fully charged, then 3 bars are sufficient). Storing a fully charged battery is dangerous and can damage the battery, while storing a battery without power can damage it. Every 3 to 6 months, check if electricity needs to be replenished.

⑤ Lithium ion batteries can be divided into liquid lithium-ion batteries and polymer lithium-ion batteries according to the electrolyte. The electrolyte of polymer lithium-ion batteries is colloidal and does not flow, so there is no leakage problem and it is safer.

3. Maintenance instructions

① When charging, it should not be higher than the maximum charging voltage, and when discharging, it should not be lower than the minimum working voltage.

② Lithium ion batteries must maintain a minimum operating voltage at all times. Overdischarge or self discharge reactions at low voltages can cause the decomposition and destruction of lithium ion active materials, which may not necessarily be reducible.

③ Any form of overcharging in lithium-ion batteries can cause serious damage to battery performance, even leading to explosions. Lithium ion batteries must avoid overcharging during the charging process.

④ Do not frequently discharge or charge deeply. However, after approximately 30 charging cycles, the battery level detection chip will automatically perform a deep discharge and deep charge to accurately evaluate the battery's condition.

⑤ Avoid high temperatures, which can shorten lifespan in mild cases and cause explosions in severe cases. If possible, it can be stored in the refrigerator. If the laptop is using AC power, please remove the lithium-ion battery strip to avoid being affected by the heat generated by the computer.

⑥ Avoid freezing, but the freezing point of most lithium-ion battery electrolyte solutions is -40 ℃, which is not easy to freeze.

⑦ If not used for a long time, please store at a charging capacity of 40% to 60%. When the battery level is too low, it may cause over discharge due to self discharge.

⑧ Due to the natural aging of lithium-ion batteries when not in use, it is advisable to purchase according to actual needs and avoid excessive purchases.

When using electrolytic capacitors, please pay attention to the following points

1. If the following situations occur in electrolytic capacitors, it will cause characteristic degradation

① Reverse voltage

② Voltage exceeds the fixed voltage

③ The current is greater than the allowable ripple current

④ Intense charging and discharging

At this time, intense heating or gas generation may cause leakage from the sealing of the capacitor or increase in pressure, resulting in the activation of the safety device (explosion-proof hole) The most serious issue is that it may cause explosions or fires, resulting in capacitor damage and the release of flammable materials to the outside

2. Precautions for circuit design

① Confirmation of usage environment, usage environment, and freeze performance

*Please confirm the usage environment and assembly environment, and use according to the specifications listed in the capacitor catalog and included in the specification book

② Operating temperature, ripple current, and lifespan

*Please use the temperature and allowable ripple current according to the specifications and specifications in the capacitor's performance range

③ Do not use at the highest temperature (exceeding the maximum operating temperature)

④ Do not exceed the current (exceed the allowable ripple current)

*When designing circuits, please choose capacitors that are suitable for the machine's lifespan

⑤ Use circuit

*Capacitors have polarity, so do not use reverse voltage or AC voltage. When using circuits with reversed polarity, please choose bipolar capacitors, but bipolar capacitors cannot be used in AC circuits

*Capacitors should not be used on repetitive and intense charging circuits. If capacitors need to be used on intense charging and discharging circuits, please discuss separately

⑥ Use voltage

Do not use overvoltage on capacitors (voltage exceeding the freezing voltage)

⑦ 0000 line of capacitor

⑧ Capacitors should be completely isolated on the circuit as mentioned below

*The arrangement of aluminum shell and cathode terminal anode terminal on the circuit plus circle

*The arrangement of self-supporting, non functional (strength and strength) terminals and other anode and cathode terminals on a circular surface

*The external rubber hose of the capacitor does not have insulation guarantee. Do not use it in places where insulation function is necessary. If insulation function rubber hose is needed, please discuss it separately

3. Limitations of the usage environment

Please do not use capacitors in the following environments:

*Direct contact with water, saltwater, and environments with condensation

*An environment filled with harmful gases such as sulfur-containing water, sulfurous acid, salt ammonia, etc

*Places exposed to odors, ultraviolet rays, and radiation

*An excessively intense environment with vibration or impact conditions exceeding the scope specified in the specification document

4. Environmental Design for Assembly

Before installing the capacitor on the substrate, please confirm the following before designing

*The distance between the terminal wires of the capacitor and the holes on the substrate should be consistent